Strategic Changes That Reversed Sainsburys Fortunes Management Essay

Strategic Changes That Reversed Sainsburys Fortunes Management Essay In the last two decades of the twentieth century the UK supermarket chain, Sainsburys, suffered from an almost continuing decline in its corporate fortunes, which its management of the time seemed unable to stop. Not least important of these events was the loss of its competitive position within the UK supermarket sector. From a position of being the market leader by 1995 Sainsburys had relinquished this spot to its rival Tesco (Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 2005) and even this second position was lost to Asda, a brand that had been strengthened as a result of its takeover by the American giant Wal-Mart.(BBC News, 2006).As a result of the corporations problems, during the early part of this decade it began to look very likely that the Sainsburys brand would either disappear from the UK or be acquired by new owners as investors became increasingly disheartened with the business returns and performance. Justin King, the current CEO of Sainsburys, joined the business in March 2004 (Sainsburys 2005), at a time when, due to lack of competitiveness and poor performance in comparison with rivals, Sainsburys had become a constant target for potential takeover bids (Hutchings 2004). Contrary to expectations at the time of his appointment, during the course of the past five years King has been seen as responsible for the reversal of Sainsburys fortune, which can be evidenced by the fact that a 2007 takeover bid valued the business at  £10.6 billion, more than twice the  £5 billion bid considered three years earlier (Mail online 2009). It is the changes in Sainsburys fortunes that form the focus of this essay. The intention is to both analyse and evaluate the strategic choices the corporation has adopted under Kings leadership in order to improve its response to changes that occur within the industry and its marketplace. Strategic changes at Sainsburys post 2004 Research into corporate strategy, once concerned mainly with the internal operations of the business, has now been extended to include the impact of external forces and events (Johnson et al, 2005). Thus as Johnson, Scholes Whittington (2008) observe, it can be defined as an organisations abilities to renew and recreate its strategic capabilities to meet the needs of a changing environment. In this respect corporate strategy within supermarkets such as Sainsburys, was focused upon the creation of competitive advantage (Porter, 2004a), a position that was deemed as being achieved whenever it outperforms its competitors (Pettigrew, Thomas Whittington, 2002, p.55). However, as Grant (2004) and others have suggested, simply achieving competitive advantage is not sufficient. To sustain its success, a business has to continue to build upon its advantage to ensure is does not lose out to other competitors in the future, a situation which the management at Sainsburys had failed to address prior to 2004. On his appointment as CEO, King reviewed the current business strategy and introduced changes in several key areas as part of his three year programme aimed at turning the business around (Sainsburys 2005). The first task to be faced was to identify the core areas of potential business growth, which was deemed by King to be the UK market. This led to the sale of Sainsburys US supermarket chain and the use of the proceeds to acquire a number of Morrison stores that were sold as a part of regulatory conditions attached to its purchase of Safeway, as well as a planned expansion into the convenience store sector. As King said at the time, this was needed to strengthen our market position and deliver future growth (Food Drink Europe, 2004, para3). The second task was to decide where and how the business should refocus its drive for competitive advantage, which as Grant (2004) indicates, meant using either cost and/or differentiation as the main strategic drivers for success in terms of adding value for the customer and shareholder. It is clear from the latter part of this explanation that to create such an advantage it is important for the Sainsburys brand, to be seen as sufficiently different from those of its competitors so as to establish its own brand identification and customer loyalties (Porter, 2004b, p.9). In other words, as Tyreman (2009 para10) indicates within his study on marketing, the key and essential element of brand design and promotion is for the corporation to ensure that the chosen strategy of differentiation must be unique enough to enable it to stand out from its competitors. This is especially important in a case like Sainsburys which is competing for market share within a UK supermarket and grocery sect or, which is considered by many people to have reached a position of saturation over a decade ago (Q Finance,n.d.para15). In terms of cost, both Tesco and Asda had overtaken Sainsburys in the sector as a result of their low-price strategy. In addition, their quality of service and differentiation was perceived by the customer to be superior to the Sainsburys brand, which meant that Sainsburys new management team needed to develop a strategy that would address both of these issues. In relation to low-cost the business and marketing strategy was changed to concentrate more upon reducing prices. In addition to this impacting upon recognised brand goods, this led to a change of direction, which included the expansion and promotion of its low-price own brand alternatives within its stores, an area where competitors had built a significant advantage. To ensure that this approach did not have an adverse effect upon the financial performance of the business and the value being added for shareholders, this also meant that the business had to introduce a cost reduction and efficiency programme across the supply chain (Porter, 2004a). Improvements were therefore made to the supply chain processes, which included the introduction of new technology aimed at increasing cost efficiency, such as the implementation of IT knowledge and data management systems (Mari, 2009). As an integral aspect of this process the relationship with suppliers, and their influence upon the supply chain, particularly product design, cost and distribution were also re-evaluated in an effort to lower costs and improve delivery to the customer, for example with the adoption of a system geared towards the JIT inventory model (Just in Time). The effect of these changes was to aid the lowering of in-store prices whilst at the same time continuing to retain and grow business value. However, on their own these changes would not provide the change in fortunes required by the business unless they were accompanied by a process that would improve the relationship and brand image that it was promoting and marketing to both existing and potential customers (Wilson Gilligan, 2005). In terms of quality of service, this also meant that the business would require the commitment of its employees. As Sainsburys had learnt, through loss of market share, the relationship that a business builds and develops with its potential customer is essential to the long term success of the business and its ability to expand its share of the market(Lancaster Massingham,2001).As Kotler ( n.d. P.159) observes, the organisation that develops and implements the best tools to enable it to forecast where customers are moving, and to be in front of them, will be the one that gains the competitive advantage from these processes. Having failed to maintain its advantage in this respect, it was apparent that the existing approach to customer relationships at Sainsburys was another area of corporate strategy that King needed to address. Three main strategic changes were made within the business with regard to its relationship with customers. The first of these was to improve the communication process that existed between the business and its potential customer base, so that it could gain the required feedback that would help the business to understand the changing demands and needs of the customer (Lancaster and Massingham, 2001). This was achieved through a programme that included additional market research, which included in-store and external surveys and questionnaires. In addition, the management team was encouraged to spend more time in the corporations stores, talking to customers as well as employees in order to gain a better insight into how the business service and quality was perceived (Blackhurst, 2005). Secondly, driven by the results of this feedback, the business improved its employee training processes, particularly in the area of service quality, with the focus being on improving the customer shoppin g experience within their stores. One crucial element of strategy aimed at improving the customer shopping experience is reliant upon the management of the human resource function (Grant, 2005). In simple terms Human Resource Management (HRM) is defined as a strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organisations most valued assets-the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of its objectives(Armstrong, 2006.p.2.). It is the considered opinion of most academics that the type of relationship that business management has with its employees will have an important effect upon the success of its aims and objectives (Grant, 2005). Therefore, in keeping with other competitors within its own and other retail sectors, Sainsburys has had to review its HR policies and processes as part of the strategic changes required following the appointment of King in 2004. This review included both the internal aspect of human resources as well as the benefits and disadvantages the se will have upon the external business environment. One option that was immediately chosen was to increase the number of employees by 3,000; most were engaged in customer facing positions (Sainsburys, 2005). In addition the internal HR processes were changed. As Armstrong (2006) observes, there is generally considered to be two alterative options to HRM in business. These are the hard approach, which considers the management of employees should focus solely upon the effect that the individual or group of employees have in terms of assisting in the achievement of corporate goals, in other words what value the employee adds to the business. Alternatively, there is the soft approach, which is based upon employee involvement and motivation (Armstrong, 2006). With this approach the business seeks to understand and address the needs of the employee as well, primarily because it is considered that this will improve motivation and, as a result, increase quality and productivity. In Sainsburys it had already become apparent by 2004 that its major competitors, Tesco and Asda, had embarked upon a process of employee involvement which, using an appropriate approach to leadership and team building, was enabling these businesses to improve the success of their respective businesses in the area of human relationship management (Pettigrew et al. 2002). As Armstrong (2006) indicates the chances of successful adoption of a corporate strategy are much improved if the business has developed a relationship with the workforce that encourages involvement and participation at all stages of its development and implementation. It is not surprising therefore, that King and his management team decided the corporation needed to introduce a more robust HR regime and system; one that paid more attention to the importance of employee involvement and satisfaction within the decision making process of the business. Taking into account that it is the business front line employees who have the closest contact with the customer they therefore designed a strategic change that was designed around the soft approach. This change was achieved to a large extent by copying their competitors systems. In other words, they made management more accessible to the employee, involved them to a greater extent in business decisions, through a process of individual store and regional meetings and encouraged the employee to submit innovative and new ideas to their management team at all levels (Sainsburys, 2005). Finally, Sainsburys made significant changes to its approach in relation to the marketing and promotion of the brand. As Lancaster Massingham (2001) rightly observe, when any change in strategy is introduced it is important to communicate that message to the existing and potential customer. Therefore a new style of campaign has been developed by the corporation over the past four years that has concentrated upon delivering a message that focuses upon the low-price and customer service quality of the business offerings and shopping experience. This focused upon two main areas of the new strategy. The first, using a low-price approach, which concentrated on the promotion of its value brand and Meal for  £5, emphasised its commitment to a low-cost approach. The second, using celebrities such as Jamie Oliver to provide advice to customers about meals, using the companys products and portraying the friendliness of its employees, sought to reaffirm and build the business relationship wi th the customer. It is through the introduction of all of these strategic changes, culminating with the development of a promotional campaign, which includes the use of household celebrities that Sainsburys has sought to reposition the brand and increase its competitive advantage over other market players. The intention of this new approach has therefore been to improve its brand image, incorporating its new low-price focus with an improved range and choice of products and services. The objective being to change the customers previously held perception of the business. Impact of the Strategic changes Having analysed and discussed the various improvements that have been introduced at Sainsburys since King became CEO, the question that remains is to assess how positive the impact of these strategic changes has proven for the business and in this respect an evaluation of subsequent results produces mixed results. As will be discovered from the following comments, not all of these are positive. In relation to the change in Sainsburys market share within the supermarket sector, although there has been some improvement in this area resulting from the changes made to the corporate strategy, it still remains in third position (figure 1). This is in spite of the fact that in the past two years Sainsburys has improved its market share of the industry by almost 1% (BBC News 2006). Figure .Market Share Comparison Source: BBC News (2008) What is equally apparent from the decade comparison is that, when judged against its two main competitors, even taking into account recent improvements, it is noticeable that Sainsburys has still lost significant ground, in the case of Tesco by over 12%. It therefore follows that, in order to narrow the gap still further, and indeed to re-secure its position as the second biggest competitor in the sector, Sainsburys will have to continue to develop its strategy in a manner that provides it with a level of competitive advantage that remains superior to that of its rivals. Another aspect to consider in evaluating the success of strategic changes made from 2004 onwards, is the extent to which the strategic changes have delivered on expectations and predictions made at the commencement of the term of the new management team. In part it is these predictions that were responsible for the failure of the takeover bids being made for the business at that time, as investors considered that, if delivered, the return on their investment was likely to be improved. In the CEOs report within the 2005 financial statement, King suggested that the business had embarked upon a three-year programme designed to grow sales by  £2.5 billion by the end of 2007/08 and return Sainsburys to sustainable growth in both sales and profitability.(Sainsburys,2005).The subsequent financial results (figure 2) show that, this has been achieved, if one views this improvement from the 2005 results and, furthermore, that the improvement has been continued in subsequent years and, up to the year end for 2009 at least, seems to be defying the impact of the recent economic and financial crisis. Figure . Sainsburys Turnover 2001-2009 Source: Sainsburys (2005 and 2009) This potential improvement can be measured in another way, namely the performance of the share price for the same period of time. Figure .Sainsburys-10 Year Share Price Source: http://markets.ft.com/ft/markets/interactiveChart.asp It is confirmed from this comparison that, from its lowly position when King was appointed, Sainsburys share performance improved dramatically until around the end of 2007, when a new bidder for the business was rumoured to be occurring (Peston,2007). At that stage its performance almost matched those of Tesco and Morrisons. However, since the 2007 bid was aborted the adverse share performance between Sainsburys and the others has widened considerably, meaning that shareholders value is now a little more than 15% better than it was five years ago. Future Focus and Strategies Since 2004 Sainsburys has adapted and embraced change to secure its survival and prosperity. In todays challenging trading conditions it continues to focus on capitalising on these changes by identifying consumer trends and forecasting where such trends are leading, always with the end goal of securing trading success (Wilson Gilligan, 2005). In this current economic crisis Sainsburys has shown it has managed not only to ride out the recession but to emerge from it a winner with like for like sales in the quarter to January 2010 increasing by 4.2% .Analysts in 2010 are now saying that Sainsburys strong performance shows just how far the supermarket chain has come since March 2004 under King and acknowledge that his strategic changes have broadened the brand appeal of Sainsburys and turned its future around (Hall, 2010). With its future plans to focus on estate development and to step up its on-line resources in both food and non food, the support of its suppliers will be crucial to sustain Sainsburys future growth. To this end in March 2010 a Sainsburys Trade Briefing will be held to give all suppliers the opportunity to ascertain how they can work in tandem with the retailer in the testing year ahead to everyones mutual benefit. Conclusion In conclusion therefore, whilst it would be correct to say that the strategic changes made following the appointment of King have, to some extent led to a reversal of its former fortunes, certainly in respect of the comparison of its own revenue streams, in other areas the improvements have not been as beneficial as investors and the management anticipated. Gains in market share sufficient for the business to recover second position have changed little between 2005 and 2008, which means that the brand image and its promotional message needs to be improved to encourage more customers to choose Sainsburys in preference to other competitors. Similarly the share performance indicates that the business has still not totally convinced the markets that it can sustain its recovery.

Leslie Marmon Silkos Lullaby, Storyteller, and Yellow Woman Essay exam

Leslie Marmon Silko's Lullaby, Storyteller, and Yellow Woman Leslie Marmon Silko?s work is set apart due to her Native American Heritage. She writes through ?Indian eyes? which makes her stories very different from others. Silko is a Pueblo Indian and was educated in one of the governments? BIA schools. She knows the culture of the white man, which is not uncommon for modern American Indians. Her work is powerful and educating at the same time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this paper, I will discuss three different works by Silko (Lullaby, Storyteller, and Yellow Woman). Each of the stories will be discussed according to plot, style, and social significance. After that, I will relate Silko?s work to other literary genies and analyze her work as a whole. ?Lullaby';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main character in this story is a woman named Ayah. Ayah is a Native American who lives in a shack with her husband and two children. She is not very close to her husband, (Chato), but she is very loyal to him. This is the way of a Navajo Woman, being loyal to your husband and family. Chato was a well-spoken man who spoke both English and Spanish in addition to his native language. The worst thing that happened to Ayah was the loss of her two children to the welfare board. They were either sick or she wasn?t providing for them. She wasn?t taking care of them in a way that pleased the whites; however, she raised her children beautifully in the Native American tradition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ?Lullaby'; is full of Native Ame...

Strindbergs Miss Julie and Becketts Waiting for Godot Essay -- Engli

Strindberg's Miss Julie and Beckett's Waiting for Godot The motivations and behavior of key characters in Strindberg's Miss Julie and Beckett's Waiting for Godot will be analyzed according to Eric Berne's method of transactional analysis. Eric Berne deals with the psychology behind our transactions. Transactional analysis determines which ego state is implemented by the people interacting. There are three possibilities which are either parent, adult, or child. The key characters in Waiting for Godot are Vladimir and Estragon. Vladimir is the more intellectual of the two and Estragon is more emotional. Their ego states are always shifting from minute to minute. In Miss Julie the key characters are Jean and Miss Julie. Jean shifts his ego state according to his situation either to compliment the ego state of the person he is talking to or to exploit the situation. In the relationship between Miss Julie and Jean their ego states interchange as Miss Julie begins as the parent, then she falls so they are equal on the adult level and eventually she is on the bottom so Jean is on the top as parent ego state. People are made with three basic ego states which are the parent, adult, and child. Some people have a dominant ego state and others are constantly changing. All parts are necessary for a well rounded personality. The child is linked with intuition, creativity, spontaneity, drive and enjoyment. The adult is the rational, objective and logical side which allows work to get done. This is the part of us that should be involved in difficult decision making because it weighs the pros and cons of the decision without bias. The parent is useful for actually raising children and for routine decisions that do not require the deductive rea... ...llowed to flow. He also manipulates Miss Julie's emotions by appealing to the romantic child in her. It is Miss Julie's fall from her high social status and her consequent fall to a childish ego state that makes Jean adapt his ego. She starts out thinking she is better than Jean because he is her servant. As they get closer she feels he is her equal so she talks to him as an adult from an adult standpoint. By the end when she has fallen from grace she feels so low that she is talking up to Jean and wants him to tell her what to do. All the while Jean is on the opposite side of the wheel that Miss Julie is on. Bibliography 1. Berne, Eric. Games People Play. Grove Press INC, New York Thirtieth printing 1966. 2. Strindberg, August. Plays: One , Miss Julie . Secer & Warberg Limited, Great Britain 1964. 3. Beckett, Samuel. Waiting for Godot. Grove Press INC 1956.

Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortage Essay

The Rapid growth in the aging baby boomers and the shortfall among the full- time equivalent nurses intensify the profound need for skilled nurses, thus, resulting to a massive importation of foreign registered nurse. To that end, several debates and questions sprung due to the governments considerable quick- fix in the shortage; imploring the legalities and the little attention given to the academic sector that strives to combat the problem. With the health care system being the beacon of a nation’s prosperity, addressing problems of statistics with just importation might be a problem itself. With the use of the nursing process, this paper examines the problem at hand, the actions taken and other solutions that may be use in the nursing deficit. Assessment According to the study by Brush, Sochalski, & Berger (2007); during the past 50 years, only 5 % of the United States nursing workforce was imported. It was only in the second half of 1990 that nearly 10,000 foreign nurses migrated. By the 20th century, as revealed by the American Hospital Association Survey of the Hospital Leaders (2007), difficulty in the hospital staffing of nurses garners 2nd or 44% over other hospital positions, with 49% dissatisfaction among nurses and issues of hospital capacity that garners 48% in all hospitals, acted as a bubble to the registered nurse shortage. This in time increases due to a decline in the graduates and the number of candidates taking the National Council Licensure Examination. Now with the increase in life expectancy, The American Hospital Association (2007) projected 75 million will be at the ages of 46 to 64 by 2010; Resulting to an increase in the needs and resources to match up with the future challenges of bedside care especially with chronic conditions in regards to old age Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortage p. 2 With a baseline of 2,347,000 demands for full-time equivalent nurses by 2010 as shown by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) it is projected by that only 83% of the total demand will be responded. Approximately there are 116,000 vacant positions for registered nurses or 8. 1 % national vacancy rate (HRSA, 2006). With a big shortage to relieve, the government pushes its efforts to create a more enticing and beneficial area for other nurses abroad to work in the country. Which therefore act as the driving force of the robust and lucrative business of recruitment agencies, that surges a worldwide manpower search resulting a turnover of foreign nurses in the hospital sector of about 71. 5 % as of 2000 alone (Brush et al.2007). In a 2004 survey by the Department of Health and Human Services, over 100,000 foreign born nurses, half of which are Filipinos, are already working in the U. S. (Savage, 2006); Thriving on the 42 % hiring rate of hospitals that have been reported by AHA Survey of Hospital Leaders (2007). As the nurse-patient ratio discrepancy is being filled up, problems with the local sector particularly with the academe tends to shake the grounds; Imploring on the little attention being given by the government to the local sector. As 42, 000 qualified applicants in 2006- 2007 were turned away by US nursing schools (Kuehn, 2007), the problem undermines an institutional problem due to lack of funds to train fresh graduates in relation to lesser clinical training placement, a growing faculty shortage, and a higher percentage of registered nurses that is not practicing as a full-term equivalent nurse in relation to a better shifting, work facility, and compensation on other fields. Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortage p. 3 The lack of support for a transition program for the foreign nurses and an increasing foreign recruitment cost for the hospitals also lingers on the sideline. As stated by Parkland Health & Hospital System executive Beth Mancini, MSN, RN, FAAN, in an interview by Heather Stringer last 2002 for Nurseweek. com â€Å"The costs of hiring foreign nurses have substantially increased. † And that several nurse executives said â€Å"It costs about $10,000 to recruit an international nurse today and can take between 18 and 24 months for the nurse to arrive. † With the shortage problem seemingly to increase every year, several nurse executives contends that importation might not just be a short-term solution, and not the best that is, resulting to an aggressive stand to ease the institutional inadequacies. Diagnoses Importation reliance related to limited manpower secondary to work dissatisfaction and or insufficient college programs The unprecedented migration of foreign nurses only resolves the short- term problem in the health care sector. Instead of concentrating on importation, the root of the problem should be taken into account, as well as the drawbacks of relying on importation. Which does not only hinders U. S. institutions growth, but decelerates foreign countries health services. Planning With a wide range of interplaying reasons of nurse deficit, a formulated component of nurses’ shortage is applicable to organize the core problems within the dwindling insufficiency among the heath care sector. Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortage p. 4 Components in the nurses’ shortage: †¢ Decline in the public perception of the attractiveness of the nursing profession. Contributed by an increase in professional opportunities for women outside nursing, unattractive salary and longer career advancement. †¢ Unfavorable working conditions. Precipitated by problems on working hours, increase in the nurse-patient ratio, safety and size of the hospital facility. †¢ Inadequate institutional resources. That resulted to a shortage among nursing educators, a shift or state migration to bigger hospitals and lesser clinical placement. Implementation To bolster a growth in the U.S nurses population, problems that arise should be tackled on its ground roots. Using the nurse shortage component list, a summary of programs will be emphasized to meet the underlying causes of the nurses’ shortage. To encourage an influx of students to take up nursing, favorability and a positive avenue for growth and development must be shown. With the studies and advancement made by the National Advisory Council on Nurse Education and Practice (NACNEP) in their third report to the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Congress last April, 2003. Solutions to the formulated list will be guided by the requirements of the Public Health Service Act as amended by the Nurse Education and Practice Improvement Act of 1998. 1. Decline in the public perception of the attractiveness of the nursing profession. Concentration to provisions that support career enhancement, Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortage p. 5 and expansion of knowledge and skills such as the Nurse Reinvestment Act and Career Ladder Grant Program which facilitates and funds further study of nursing specializations and enough appropriations for nurses to become faculty members. 2. Unfavorable working conditions. Enhancing patient care delivery system via granting funds related to communication among heath professionals for continuity of care. Giving out an award that develops internship or residencies for motivation, setting up limits to working hours, and establishment of programs that set nurse staffing to the level of care needed by the patients. 3. Inadequate institutional resources. Reaching out to the young members of society by granting scholarship program in exchange for community service, loans, and monthly stipends. Aside from concentrating on the students, faculty turnover should be address by giving out funds to nurses in exchange to become full- time students that are geared as a future faculty. Evaluation The immense power of a nation to import should not be the sole solution to any inadequacies of a country, though importation is beneficial to fill in the gaps, foresight is much needed to give a better perspective of what is vital for a country to grow. Providing continued support to the local system most especially to the academic and medical institutions, fosters a bigger advantage to the local sector. It produces insurmountable avenues and resources with for further health care challenges. Such actions taken by the NACNEP brings about a wider range of possibilities for the profession to grow. References American Hospital Association. (2007, May 8). When I’m 64: How boomers will change health care. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www. aha. org/aha/research-and-trends/index. html American Hospital Association. (2007, July). The 2007 State of Americas Hospital-taking the pulse. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www. aha. org/aha/research-and-trends/index. html> Brush, B.L , & Sochalski, J. , & Berger, A. M. ( 2004, May/June). Imported care: recruiting foreign nurses to U. S. health care facilities. Health Affairs, volume 23 (3), p 81. Health Resources and Services Administration. (2003, November). National Advisory Council on Nurse Education and Practice: Third Report to the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Congress. Health Resources and Services Administration. What is behind HRSA’s projected supply, demand and shortage of registered nurse? Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://bhpr. hrsa. gov/healthworkforce/reports/behindrnprojections/6.htm Kuehn, B. M. (2007). No end in sight to nursing shortage: Bottleneck at nursing schools as a key factor. Journal of the American Medical Association, volume 298 (14) 1623-1625. Savage, L. (2006, April). Bandaids will not heal the nursing shortage. Hypercube Center for Science and Medical Journal. Boston University College of Communication. Stringer H. (2002, June 6). Foreign investments. Nurseweek. Retrieved on November 1, 2007 from http://www. nurseweek. com/news/features/02-06/international. asp WANTED: Imported Nurses Importing nurses from overseas for the nursing shortageÃ'Ž

Loa Loa Essay

Loa Loa Afri derriere gist bend pic pic Loa Loa By Amanda Green Microbiology 210 Loa Loa is a hirudinean know to a greater extent ordinarily as the Afri fire Eye sprain. This whitethorn be one of the nearly fe ared of the parasites. They are classified as filarial flexs, meaning they thrive in benevolent tissues. Before the 1920s , Loa Loa infections occurred more oft in the United States now it is more unremarkably found in western Africa and equatorial Sudan. It prefers areas with hot, wet climates, like swamps and rainforests. They are cylindrical and withdraw a racing shell with three main out perspective layers.This protects the nematodes (larvae) so they tin foot invade the digestive tracts of animals. The outer layers are non cellular. The adult Loa Loa is a abridge small worms ranging in length from 20 70 mm long and 350 430 mm wide. Males are smaller than the egg-producing(prenominal)s. Loa Loa was first set forth in 1770 by a french surgeon, Mongin. He was the first surgeon to demonstrate to remove a worm from the mettle of a woman in Santa Domingo. He was unsuccessful. An another(prenominal) observation came form a French ships surgeon, who observed an eye worm in slaves being taken to the double-u Indies from Africa in 1778.The first individual to come out the microfilaria of Loa Loa in 1890 was Dr. Patrick Mason when he was invited to escort communication channel cytologic smears with Dr. Stephen Mackenzie. This person was opinion to have sleeping sickness of the Congo. To re leaven the female produces a pheromone to attract males. After pairing the female produces large numbers of energetic embryos called microfilaria. These microfilaria find their way to the blood pour out where they tail end be transmitted by a bite to the next entertain. Loa Loa is an view as endoparasite that feeds on fluids in the tissues of humans.The parasite contains pharyngeal glands and intestinal epithelium that produce digestive enzymes that enable them to feed on the hosts bole fluids. Extracellular digestion begins within the lumen and is finished intracellularly. The adult parasite has been known to live up to 15 years. A human infected by Loa loa is termed Loiasis. batch become infected by the transmittal by deerflies. Once the deerfly lands on the host and bites, the larvae and so drops into the opening of the skin and burrows into the hypodermic tissues.The larvae then migrate through the body, mutually to the eye. They congregate in the lungs at night. disability can be done to the look as it crawls through the cornea and conjunctive tissues. It can easily be seen and felt in the eye up to an hour. When they are profoundlyer into the body they can puddle encephalitis, if they reach the brain, which can lead to death. Joint pain can occur from swelling if the parasite cincture near a joint for a period of time. The larva can remain overlooked for months or years before seemly an adult, mating, and producing offspring.They continuously travel through deep and connective tissues, often even without the person feeling any sensation other than occasional itching. A person whitethorn feel the greatest discomfort when the worm slows or reaches a sensitive spot. It is then that the immune reaction starts, with localized red and swelling called Calabar. This token of reaction is thought to be caused by a type of allergic reaction to dead worms and their byproducts. skin eruptions and muscle pain may be evident. Once the worm dies the surrounding tissues may abscess. An accumulation of serous fluid in a sacculated cavity called hydrocele is a less common symptom.Colonic lesions, fibroblastic endocarditis, membrane-forming glomerulonephritis, retinopathy, arthritis, and peripheral neuropathy can occur but are less common in pack native to endemic areas. To name Loasis, physicians look for Calabar swelling and the presence of worms in the conjunctiva. Those are the mai n tests used to make an infestation. Some laboratory tests can attention with the diagnosing including, C reactive protein, howling(a) eosinophils (called eosinophilia), and IgE quantification. Identification of microfilariae by microscopic examination is the most practical diagnostic test.The collection of the blood specimen is extremely important with the known periodicity of the microfilariae. The smear is stained with Giemsa or hematoxylin and eosin. Concentration techniques can be used for increased sensitivity, including centrifugation of the blood sample hemolyzed in 2% formalin. Checking for microfilaria in the blood on a freshly suspected case is not recommended because it can take may years for them appear. Loa Loa is endemic only to parts of West Africa. A study done by S. Wanji at the University of Boea in Cameroon found that in 16 rural villages in southern Cameroon 2. 2% to 19. 23% of people were infected. It also showed that males are almost twice as in all p robability to become infested as females. The level of infection increases from the ages of 15 to 65 years doddery and then drops. The treatments side effects for Loa Loa are more grievous than the actual infestation. Two of the most common treatments are diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin. Both of these treatments can cause encephalitis, coma, or death in people with high microfilaria loads. These drugs kill the microfilaria but not the adult worms. Other treatments include chemotherapy and surgical removal.

A study of the social representation of war Essay

struggle, a reportage of the crude realism of the Afghanistan conflict started in 2001. Junger, the author and a desire protagonist, let uslive as a US army soldier in the trem closed turn overousgeologyoftheKorengal Valley. Even the collyappears to be the perfect place to horde something as horrible as the Afghanistan strugglefare. Jungersfirst accomplish manpowert is surely the marvelousmasterpiecerepresentation of the US soldiers lives in Afghanistan. The combination of descriptive sequences and figurative linguistic serve throws the proof proofreader into the cruel battlefield whereTaliban and Americans undertake a slowgamethat everyone was enjoying likewise oft to mayhap grow to an end. Junger, however, doesnt limithimself to the plainreportageof hisfive journeys. Hisbook succeedsat representing the sociological interactions that originate withinthe pla to a faultn. The men, fundingin a hostile purlieuwithextremely poor living specialises, seemed to ready est ablished higher brotherly object lesson values than our society. The courage, the love they sense for apiece other brings about the collective defense force, described by Junger, as an habit-forming feature of the society of this platoon. Through the dialogues, I felt extremely surprised in nonicing that those men essentially were happier than us, because, in their societal naive realism, the core systemwas winning accusation of individually other. The social institutionsof the platoons imposed conglutination andk straighta focusinging that you had a family, your platoon, soldiers need wereaccomplished.I was then allowed to understand why the fork over to the normality is never aneasy process for veterans.Given the sociological representation of war, I could non avoid the comparison amongstthe society of the platoon with our Westernised existence.Isnt it crazy in our civilized Western society, that all we seem to lack, is care for each other? Our juvenile society foc used on our own self-fulfillment, allows to ignore the moralistic calling,to withdraw from moral engagement however, in war, as Junger do me notice, nothing is taken for granted, everything is shared and everyone represents your family. If you take over someone, its your duty, and accomplishing this duty takes you away from the psychological trauma of the daily atrocities of war allowing you to go by dint of to a familiar environment.I put up Junger explanation of veterans traumatic return to reality very insightful.As he suggests, formerly you get wind the caring society of the platoon, real-world seems plane much(prenominal) hostile than war. Perhaps it is, peradventure the real battlefieldis our 21st-century society. Junger made me think over and wonder whether a hostile out-of-door environment is the moreover criteria where Marxs fabianism principleshypothetically could work within a society as the company of each others is all existence have got, the creation of a reality where equality and common goals would establish the social institutions, could in turn act as a defending barrier from the remote hostile environment, allowing the shared commitment to a communist system.Junger in hisanalytical saying(220-260) attempts to explicate humanslove of war.As mentioned above, the returnto normalityseems to scare soldiers more thanthe assault itself,because there is no combat in the society. Throughouthis travels, the journalist never questions who gives us the right to be God. And if in some manner we are allowed to fight for God position, as we accept that God was capacious at rest(p) from that Valley and the God position is inert, are the soldiers trulyfightingonlybecause they are told to do so? rubbish means killing. Every day, it meanstaking over human lives. Junger never explores this stem in depth. He superficially fairifies mens engagement intoconflict ascribable to a physiological adrenaline dependency. neverthelessI reckon that human spirit is three-dimensional, and the analytical chapters neverexploredwhether the combat was addictive becausekilling is a joyful licking (Bourke, 1999). I felt that thisrelevant feelingof conflictswas being avoided and it seemed like Junger maybe could not acceptour terrible human spirit, our terrible love for war (Hillman, 2004). Personally, I count that war is part of human beings and cannot be avoided, as neglecting itwould imply neglecting the human nature itself. Why do soldiers miss the genuine stuff?Junger superficialargumentation of addictionto adrenaline seems too weak to condense this argument. It is indeed scary, but war is raw(a), and I feel confident in claiming this as empirical history shows us war constancy.Another side of this book recap focuses on the consequences that I noticed on my stimulated spectrum throughout the tuition. My sound judgment vacillates betweenthe might of Junger as a slap-up writer and the negative implications of his pen abilityonmy activated reaction.War kick upstairs explores how easy it is to go from living to the slain (p. 85), the transcendentcondition of being on the real battleship the Koregan Valley. Jungers writing personal manner leaves its mark, his climax, the vast use of compendious sentences to finish paragraphs and peculiarity to leave sportsmanlike empty space. It is here in these washcloth wherehe allows me, the reader, to feel and imagine, and thusbring my persona intothose empty spaces this writing whattook me patronize into my foregone. Passing from one paragraph to the other, carrying a heavy burden of sadness, I started remembering. misgiving made me overthinkingrendering the reading experiencenot pleasurable anymore. Junger was able to progress to me so engaged that I could not detach emotionallyanymore. Jungers extensive ability to describe the soldier flavourtime conditions triggered the reminiscence of my past, whereI could, to a much lesser extent, resemb lethe soldiersanxious life situationwith my past 13-year-oldself. Alone in my own land, now as well, governed by war my parents, independently the Taliban and the Americans. The gunfire, in my reality, pictured bythe lawyers, and as much as Junger, Im unable to move, sometimes unable to remember. Until now. My gear, my responsibilities, and as much as the men felt too hot, I felt too young.I always thought that a solid book is like a good soundtrack that accompanies an as well good movie. But would the good movie build the same effect on the audience without the musical notes? The movie would still be good, but emotionally steady. What Junger is able to do in his book is allowing a natural development of this soundtrack throughout the entire date of the reading travel. For me, the soundtrack were the emotions, I could feel the pain in the ass and the emotional dimension of the platoon and linked it rachis to my personal experience. Could Junger have triggered a damp emotional engagement, be it negative or positive?Another proof of the capacious ability of Junger in letting the reader assimilating the images of Afghanistan in war through his simple, emotionally complimentary writing style occurred when suddenly I found myself propel into a distorted view of what we would hark back as reality. Everything, from the soil, the muffled noises, to the deprivation of light. It was a hostile environment. Chaos dominated the scene. hopelessness could be felt and seen by glancing at other living beings eyes. The concept of life was no longer alive. I adage myself foot race, without a purpose, without a destination, without knowing. I was perhaps running for not dying, maybe because misgiving impregnated the odor of the air. I was not running to survive. I remember falling, and there I clearly felt a wool trespassing my skin and hitting my lung. animate became an unbearable painful experience. And I was guile there, alone, on that desolated land where Go d had possibly forgotten to visit for a long time.When the sunrise shone my room, Iwas recollected into this world that we tump over real. It took me a while to remove that negativity from my being. I remember hoping for someone to explain to me what had happened but no one of my war dream comrades was there. I could only appreciation the ghost of a memory adjournment without leaving a trace. Indeed, I had a negative emotional reaction, but this doesnt want to diminish Jungers skills.However, his emotionaldetachment,I could say, made mefeelsometimes frustrated.As the reporter, it is essential to remain detached as the sole and unique designate is to report. However, I, as a reader, was looking for an emotional judgment from the author. I feltlike I couldreadthe mind of a mute child, victimof an abuse,who,due to the trauma, has preoccupied the capability of communication. And the more I was reading, the more the misunderstand was growing. Couldnt Junger express something, just a small confirmation that what was calamity was wrong? It took me a while beforehand understating. Only by reading chapter after chapter I was able torealize that the emotionally detached writing style choose by Junger, was, in reality, an emotional rejoinder to the atrocities that he was subject to witness in his travels. The detachment was maybe the only way to survive, the only way to remind himself that the War was not his reality, that his permanence in Afghanistan was just temporary, unlike reality for the Platoon. Perhaps he also wanted to let the reader develop acritical judgment without intervening.Overall, the representation of the US soldiers life condition in Afghanistan, under a sociological and psychological viewpoint, represents the best outcome of this book. Junger proves to be able to communicate clearly what he went through and he doesnt erupt here his skills overcome the simple politic reading experience and allow the reading audience to develop an emotional engagement, be this emotional reaction positive or negative. Considering what happened in Afghanistan roughly 10 geezerhood ago, and how men had to live daily, I feel grateful and lucky to have had the contingency to read this book, as the probability of a bullet hitting Jungers hypothalamus seems to have been somehow high.BibliographyBourke, J. (1999). An Intimate History of cleansing Face-to-face Killing in Twentieth-century Warfare. Hillman, J. (2004). A terrible love for war. New York The penguin press.

Arthur Andersen’s Legal Ethical Issues

Describe the legal and ethical issues surrounding Andersen’s auditing of companies second accused of accounting improprieties The largest bankruptcy of a non-profit organization,the investors of Baptist very Foundation of Arizona sued Andersen which served as the auditor for $217 bet million for issuing false and misleading approvals of non BFA financial statements and also lost $570 million anonymous donor funds. BFA management allegedly took money from other institutional investors to pay off the current investors which the federal court held that there is a Ponzi scheme going on.Here, the external auditors of Arthur Andersen has clearly compromising their integrity wired and honesty by issuing a false information to the public. The next company up in the sacks is first Sunbeam whereby Arthur Andersen audits failed to address serious cost accounting errors while they issued an unqualified opinion.Unlike Enron, he is not bankrupt.4 half billion earnings. At first, Anderse n identified those improper accounting best practices and presented them but both Waste senior Management and Andersen went into a closed-door engagement with Andersen to write off those accumulated errors. Here there is a Self-Interest threat.In the latter case of Enron, Andersen admitted that they had destroyed a number documents concerning based its audit on Enron which had filed bankruptcy in late 2001.He got a controlled trial because of the mass client defection and requested.

S.Arthur Andersen what was among the accounting firms on earth."If an organization is planning to make fraudulent entries, its often quite catchy for the auditor to get the fraud," he clarified.Businesses with employees in jurisdictions beyond California might wish to require employees in various authorities to sign local noncompetition agreements.

"Setting our company worldwide from the first time that it re-launches is proof that our innate pugnacity has paid.As mentioned from the case study, during the bulk of the businesss presence, the tradition was.Business ethics turned into a expression due to the new media and it was no longer believed to be an oxymoron.In reality, an audits caliber is unobservable.

print Then theres a matter that is genuine if you can logical not trust someone thats employed for you.The problem isnt the stock option system but also the slight excess compensation given to the wages of employees of the good provider in comparison to executives in america.A.My editorial comment is simpleit looks really pricey.